๐๐บ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ถ๐ฎ ๐ต๐ถ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ค๐ถ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ช๐ด infection is associated with dysregulation of the immune system, leading to alterations in the gut microbiome. This study synthesizes key scientific findings from various studies investigating the impact of Tuberculosis (TB) on the gut microbiome and its potential immunological consequences.
๐ General Gut Microbiome Alterations in TB Patients
Mouse models challenged with M. tuberculosis exhibited dysbiosis resembling that observed in TB patients. Dysbiosis was characterized by a rapid reduction in alpha-diversity followed by partial recovery, suggesting a dynamic interplay between the microbiota and immune system.
๐ Taxonomic Dysregulation
๐ Phylum ๐๐ช๐ณ๐ฎ๐ช๐ค๐ถ๐ต๐ฆ๐ด
Significant reduction in ๐๐ช๐ณ๐ฎ๐ช๐ค๐ถ๐ต๐ฆ๐ด, particularly within ๐๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ฅ๐ช๐ข๐ญ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ๐ช๐ญ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฆ๐ด.
Families ๐๐ข๐ค๐ฉ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ด๐ฑ๐ช๐ณ๐ข๐ค๐ฆ๐ข๐ฆ, ๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ค๐ฐ๐ค๐ค๐ข๐ค๐ฆ๐ข๐ฆ, ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ฅ๐ช๐ข๐ค๐ฆ๐ข๐ฆ, along with genera like ๐๐ข๐ฆ๐ค๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ถ๐ฎ, ๐๐ถ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ค๐ฐ๐ค๐ค๐ถ๐ด, ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ถ๐ต๐ช๐ข,
were consistently decreased.
Reduced levels of obligate anaerobic and butyrate-producing bacteria within ๐๐ช๐ณ๐ฎ๐ช๐ค๐ถ๐ต๐ฆ๐ด.
Immunological Implications
Decreased butyrate levels may lead to elevated pro-inflammatory responses, reduced antimicrobial activity, and impaired epithelial barrier function.
Butyrate’s role in inducing antimicrobial peptides and enhancing the clearance of ๐๐บ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ถ๐ฎ ๐ต๐ถ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ค๐ถ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ช๐ด is crucial.
๐ Phylum ๐๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ๐ด
Conflicting findings, but predominant observations included increased ๐๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ข๐ณ๐ข๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด and decreased ๐๐ณ๐ฆ๐ท๐ฐ๐ต๐ฆ๐ญ๐ญ๐ข.
Acetate and propionate-producing bacteria, ๐๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ข๐ณ๐ข๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด, were elevated.
Immunological Implications
Acetate and propionate may enhance antimicrobial peptides and contribute to epithelial barrier repair.
๐๐ณ๐ฆ๐ท๐ฐ๐ต๐ฆ๐ญ๐ญ๐ข reduction may exert an anti-inflammatory effect, potentially balancing the pro-inflammatory response.
๐ ๐๐ณ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ข ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ข
๐๐ณ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ข increased, with genera like ๐๐ด๐ฆ๐ถ๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ด ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ด๐ค๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ค๐ฉ๐ช๐ข elevated.
Conflicting trends for , ๐๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ข but ๐๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐บ๐ค๐ฆ๐ด was reported to increase.
Immunological Implications
Opportunistic pathogens associated with ๐๐ณ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ข ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ข may exploit a disrupted gut environment, exacerbating immune dysregulation.
๐ Microbiome-Immune Crosstalk in ๐. ๐ต๐ถ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ค๐ถ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ช๐ด Infection
The gut-lung axis plays a crucial role in shaping the immune response during ๐. ๐ต๐ถ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ค๐ถ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ช๐ด infection.
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, influence immune modulation and epithelial function.
Dysbiosis in TB patients may lead to altered SCFA composition, impacting the lung microbiome, epithelial barrier, and systemic cytokine levels.
๐ Immunological Consequences in PTB and ITB Patients
PTB patients exhibited dysbiosis characterized by reduced butyrate and increased acetate and propionate.
ITB patients showed further depletion of SCFAs, potentially leading to excessive immune responses, increased inflammation, and impaired antimicrobial defenses.
๐ TB treatment-induced dysbiosis raises concerns about treatment efficacy, emphasizing the need for strategies to maintain a balanced gut microbiome.
Probiotics and postbiotics, such as ๐๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ง๐ณ๐ข๐จ๐ช๐ญ๐ช๐ด and indole propionic acid, show promise as supplements during TB treatment. Personalized approaches considering the concentration and type of microbial interventions are crucial.
Link to the article : http://tinyurl.com/bdeekcaz
