๐ก Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to human health, necessitating responsible management through antimicrobial stewardship strategies. Probiotics and their derivatives play a crucial role in altering the gut microbiota, impacting host immunological responses, defense against pathogens, and overall metabolism.
๐ Probiotics and Their Mechanisms: Probiotics are living organisms that, when consumed in sufficient proportions, contribute to gastrointestinal health, immune system stimulation, and infection risk reduction.
Mechanisms of Action:
Strengthening the epithelial barrier.
Boosting adherence to the intestinal mucosa.
Blocking pathogen adhesion through competition.
Eliminating harmful bacteria through competition and antimicrobial substance production.
Modulating the immune response.
Production of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, enzymes, and antimicrobial substances.
๐ Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota: Promotion of beneficial bacteria like ๐๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ช๐ญ๐ญ๐ถ๐ด and ๐๐ช๐ง๐ช๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ถ๐ฎ.
Suppression of pathogenic bacteria like ๐๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ฅ๐ช๐ถ๐ฎ ๐ฅ๐ช๐ง๐ง๐ช๐ค๐ช๐ญ๐ฆ.
Enhancement of gut barrier function by promoting mucus and tight junction protein production.
Modulation of the immune system, reducing inflammation.
Reduction of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Role of Probiotics in Antimicrobial Stewardship: Probiotics, including ๐๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ช๐ญ๐ญ๐ถ๐ด, ๐๐ช๐ง๐ช๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ถ๐ฎ, ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ค๐ฐ๐ค๐ค๐ถ๐ด, contribute to improved gut microbiota stability.
Consumption of probiotics through food and supplements aids in the treatment of various diseases, including gut-related disorders.
๐ Ghost Probiotics: Ghost probiotics, or inactivated probiotic cells, demonstrate effectiveness in modifying anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory immune responses.
Mechanisms of Action:
Interaction with the immune system through soluble factors.
Fighting against harmful microbes for adhesion sites.
Preserving the integrity of the gut barrier even in a non-viable state.
Retaining antimicrobial properties.
Roles in Antimicrobial Stewardship: Reduction of negative effects related to antibiotic use.
๐ Synbiotics: Synbiotics combine probiotics and prebiotics for a synergistic effect.
Effects on Gut Microbiota: Increased abundance of beneficial bacteria, especially ๐๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ช๐ญ๐ญ๐ถ๐ด and ๐๐ช๐ง๐ช๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ถ๐ฎ.
Roles in Antimicrobial Stewardship: Reduction of the need for antimicrobial agents, prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and treatment of conditions like ๐๐ญ๐ฐ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ฅ๐ช๐ถ๐ฎ ๐ฅ๐ช๐ง๐ง๐ช๐ค๐ช๐ญ๐ฆ infection.
๐ Postbiotics: Metabolic by-products of probiotic bacteria, including short-chain fatty acids, enzymes, peptides, and other compounds.
Roles in Antimicrobial Stewardship: Enhanced gut barrier function, anti-inflammatory effects, and reduction of negative effects related to antibiotic use.
๐ The modulation of the gut microbiota through probiotics, ghost probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics offers promising avenues for antimicrobial stewardship, providing safe alternatives for treating microbial infections and reducing the reliance on traditional antimicrobial agents.
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